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physics that's usually not appreciate

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even by people that you know get degrees

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in physics are not necessarily quantum

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experts you know but they have spent

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quite a bit of time studying quantum

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physics it's sometimes not really

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appreciated that the wave function is

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the same thing as the the particle that

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ultimately comes out of a measurement

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and we cause the atom and it's wave

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function of the same thing and Adam can

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be in two places at once or three or

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four or actually an infinite number of

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places at once the observation

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collapsing the wave function is what

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creates literally creates the atom now

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let's give an example of the weirdness

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of a quantum measurement let's take this

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is a penny and you can slice this penny

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two ways you can slice the penny down

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the right down the middle and you can

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get the Lincoln on the front and the

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memorial on the back or you could call

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this thing chopping the penny in half

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where you have the top half the penny in

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the bottom half of the pennies all

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called as a slice I'll call this a chop

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for the experiment the thought

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experiment assume we have a mutual

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friend called Niels miss for fun column

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Niels you might know why maybe he has

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two machines that sliced chop and mail

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out pennies one machine is labeled

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classical in the others label quantum

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now when he sets the classical machine

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to slice the cut is parallel through the

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penny so that you wind up with two thin

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coins one is Lincoln on one side the

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other has linked in the memorial on on

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the other side when he sets the

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classical machine to chop the chop is

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perpendicular to the penny resulting in

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to half moon shape at penneys wonderful

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Lincoln's head the other blinking

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shoulders so now he takes the two sliced

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penny so the two the two sliced pennies

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on the top it takes those and puts one

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an envelope label sliced pennies and

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emails one envelope to you and one to me

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I opened my envelope and I find a thin

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penny with Lincoln on it so i can safely

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infer that your envelope contains a thin

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cutting with a lincoln lincoln memorial

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on one side and sure enough when you

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open your envelope you're going to see

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if I have this and my envelope you'll

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have that one all right well now my

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friend Niels takes the 2 chopped pennies

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it puts one in each envelope labeled

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chopped pennies again emails one to you

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and one to me now I open my own flow

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when I find a penny with Lincoln's head

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in it so this is what's in my honey and

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sure enough I guess that you're going to

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find the bottom half of the coin in

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yours and that's indeed what you find

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all right no big mystery here kind of

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boring now one day I get an envelope

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with the word quantum written on it and

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I figured this might be important so I

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call Neil's and I ask Niels what do I

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have do I have a sliced penny or a

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chopped penny and he says well this time

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I use the quantum machine on this one

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not the classical machine so it's your

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choice I say oh well what do you mean

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you've already sliced or chopped opinion

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mail it to me I've got it in my hands

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how can i change that now he says well

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the quantum machine is special it

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processes penny it males out the pairs

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and unlabeled envelopes without anybody

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looking at the pennies the process does

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not get turned into a slice or a chop

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until somebody looks at the coin do you

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mean to say I asked that I can decide

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whether I've got a sliced penny or a

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chopped penny and out that envelope and

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magically I will get one or the other

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that's correct saz Neil's and danish and

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as soon as you open the envelope and

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look at whether you've got a sliced

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penny or a chopped can you guess what

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the other half the correct other half

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will be what your buddy over there is

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going to have in his envelope but I say

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it's already been sliced or chopped he

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says no the quantum machine only does

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that part of the joint as part of the

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job it correlates the two halves but it

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takes your consciousness to complete the

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process you get to decide which way the

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penny has been have when you open the

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envelope now this very same thing can be

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done of course not with real pennies but

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it can be done with with quantum objects

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such as photons yes I'm going to talk

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about next I'm going to talk about the

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bell in equality and more importantly a

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new inequality that you might never have

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heard of called the Leggett inequality

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that was recently measured it was

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actually formulated almost 30 years ago

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by a by a professor Leggett who was a

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Nobel Prize winner but it wasn't tested

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until about a year and a half ago when

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an article appeared in nature that a

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measurement was made by this prominent

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quantum optics group in at the

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University of Vienna read by led by

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Anton Zeilinger in which they measured

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the legged inequality which actually

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goes a step deeper than the bell one

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rules out any possible interpretation

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other than that consciousness creates

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reality when the measurement is made now

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in the quantum enigma of course you

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don't have coins but you have twin state

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photons that don't have any particular

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polarization until their polarization

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one of them is measured so twin state

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photons can be entangled in a state of

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identical polarization but really have

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no particular polarization until you

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measure it it's the observation of the

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polarization of one of the photons as

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being say vertical or horizontal that

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instantaneously collapses both photons

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to vertical visit polarizations and

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that's true when they fly apart you

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create a pair of photons one flies this

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way one flies that way I make a

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measurement over here that measurement

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and the kind of measurement I make is

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determined by what I decide over here

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that measurement will then be reflected

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in what this coin over here is going to

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do even though they're flying a part of

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the speed of light can't communicate

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with each other quantum probability is

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not the probability of where the atom is

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or where a photon is it is the objective

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probability of where you will find it

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the atom was not in the box if the box

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is where the atom is the item was not in

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the box before you observed it to be

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there and Heisenberg had this to say is

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the runner Heisenberg's words but the

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atom or elementary particles are not

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real they form a world of potentialities

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or possibilities rather than one effects

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or things or facts let's look at the

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bell inequality if you have a quantum

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object that has a spin then you can

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choose to measure the spin in any given

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direction and what you'll find is that

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whatever direction you choose as spin is

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going to be either up or down by up I

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mean if it's spinning like this the

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access points up it is spinning like

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that the access points down so you have

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actually have two particles that are

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entangled with each other and I'll tell

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you in a second why we have two instead

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of one so one of them flies off in one

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direction i choose to measure its spin

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say in this direction and call that

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direction a so i measure that now there

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are also two other directions I could

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measure B and C they're arbitrary I can

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choose them in a anyway I want to but

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there are two other possible directions

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I could measure but having measured this

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one direction quantum theory says I

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can't measure the second one but I can

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measure the second one indirectly

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because if the two particles were in 10

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it's partner over here is guaranteed to

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have the opposite spin sometimes the

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same sometimes the opposite depending on

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which which which kind of particle you

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choose let's assume it's exactly the

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opposite spin now I can make a

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measurement on this one in some other

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directions I'm second direction call it

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be and I know then that if I measure

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this one to be in that direction then

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this one over here would be in this one

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the opposite direction so I've

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determined two directions for this

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particle over here by virtue of a direct

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measurement by virtue of a measurement

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of its partner in a different direction

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so i can write out these probabilities

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the probability of measuring probability

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of measuring say spin up in Direction a

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and spin down and direction b is the

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probability measuring spin up in

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direction a down in direction b+

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indirection see which i don't know which

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i never measured and again the plus the

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probability of spin up being positive in

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a down in B and in the other direction

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and see and as you with a little bit of

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mathematical manipulation you can show

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that this plus that equals that one plus

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something and the fact of the matter is

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that something is positive it's always

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got to be positive you can't have

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negative probabilities therefore this

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equation leads to an inequality that the

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spin in this direction a and direction B

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plus the spin in direction B and C it

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has to be greater than or equal to the

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spin and direction AC so this is the

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bell inequality this is what's predicted

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if particles have an intrinsic spin

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before you look at them now as it turns

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out quantum physics has a rule that says

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that if you take the spins in two

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different directions now this is the

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this is the formula that tells you what

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the probability is a finding the if you

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have a whole distribution of particles

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finding some fraction of them separated

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by some angle theta as it turns out if

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you put this formula into the bell

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inequality the beltline equality is

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violated Bell inequality is not true and

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the bell inequality is based upon the

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idea that spin is something that's

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intrinsic that's that's not dependent

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upon your measuring it but it's there

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all along and you

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choose to measure it so it's there when

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the particles were were joined together

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when they were made to fly apart there's

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the the spins in the different

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directions are inherent to the particles

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and when you choose to measure over here

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that's fine and this one's going to be

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an anti was going to be in the opposite

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direction for any given spin because

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they were they were entangled here but

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really those spins belong to the

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particles and your measurement is like a

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classical thing you look at something

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objectively you measure what it is but

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in fact the fact that the belly

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inequality is violated and the quantum

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rule is followed implies that that spin

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is not really there until you make it

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happen the spin in a given direction is

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created by your deciding to measure that

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direction and then that requires that

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its partner will be the in the opposite

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direction for that spin measurement and

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have its own angle of spin in a

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different direction which then this one

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would have so the bell inequality is

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telling us or the violation of the bell

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inequality is telling us that it's the